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Emergency Response & Street Design
In recent years, new urbanists and firefighters have discovered both common interests and shared challenges in neighborhood street design.
Wider streets lead to higher traffic speeds. They damage, if not destroy any sense of an inviting, walkable place. As communities sprawl outward, and homes move further from firehouses, emergency responders find it increasingly costly and difficult to maintain acceptable response times. When street networks are designed as poorly connected mazes of cul-de-sacs, response distances increase and response times suffer. To these challenges, new urbanists and firefighters are finding that building compact neighborhoods with highly connected street networks can be a solution. But there are also occasions when the desire for narrow streets and calmer neighborhood traffic collides with the need for fast access and ample working room for fire equipment.
The Congress for the New Urbanism and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 2007 launched a multi-year effort to solve this problem. In April 2008, CNU and EPA hosted a workshop for street designers, firefighters, and smart growth advocates to better understand the street design considerations embraced by both proponents of smart growth and firefighters, to identify common ground, and to chart a course for future collaborative work to develop alternatives that serve the needs of all. The workshop found that while there were areas of disagreement, firefighters and new urbanists shared many values. Both groups were frustrated at the lack of connectivity prevalent in conventional suburban development, including cul-de-sacs that can seriously hinder access for emergency responders. Both groups see opportunities in more compact development with buildings closer to the street and to emergency equipment. Both groups recognize the safety benefits of well-designed, narrower streets.
During the workshop, for example, smart growth advocates were surprised to learn that, in 2006, only 7 percent of emergency response calls were for fire, while 62 percent of calls sought emergency medical help. Firefighters were surprised to learn that a study by Swift and Associates concluded that the most significant causal relationships to injury accidents were found to be street width and street curvature, and that the safest streets were found to be only 24 feet wide (a far cry from the 36 feet required by many fire codes) a factor motivating New Urbanisms approach to street design. The workshop concluded by providing a strong collaborative basis for moving forward to create better policies and more capacity for communities and their firefighters to determine appropriate street widths.
Over the course of the two-year effort, CNU and EPA are expected to create best practices and design manuals, take state-by-state inventories of fire codes, and develop new national code language that could be adopted at the local level. The team will also conduct outreach to the broader emergency response community. The team helped augment the CNU/ITE (Institute of Transportation Engineers) manual, Context Sensitive Solutions in Designing Major Urban Thoroughfares for Walkable Communities.
A second workshop held in October focused on potential new language to amend the national fire code in a way that allows narrower streets in certain conditions or urban areas. The results of this workshop will be discussed further at the Transportation Summit.
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